RESUMO
Insertional mutagenesis is a powerful means of identifying cancer drivers in animal models. We used the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon/transposase system to identify activated oncogenes in hematologic cancers in wild-type mice and mice that express a stabilized cyclin E protein (termed cyclin ET74AT393A). Cyclin E governs cell division and is misregulated in human cancers. Cyclin ET74AT393A mice develop ineffective erythropoiesis that resembles early-stage human myelodysplastic syndrome, and we sought to identify oncogenes that might cooperate with cyclin E hyperactivity in leukemogenesis. SB activation in hematopoietic precursors caused T-cell leukemia/lymphomas (T-ALL) and pure red blood cell erythroleukemias (EL). Analysis of >12,000 SB integration sites revealed markedly different oncogene activations in EL and T-ALL: Notch1 and Ikaros were most common in T-ALL, whereas ETS transcription factors (Erg and Ets1) were targeted in most ELs. Cyclin E status did not impact leukemogenesis or oncogene activations. Whereas most SB insertions were lost during culture of EL cell lines, Erg insertions were retained, indicating Erg's key role in these neoplasms. Surprisingly, cyclin ET74AT393A conferred growth factor independence and altered Erg-dependent differentiation in EL cell lines. These studies provide new molecular insights into erythroid leukemia and suggest potential therapeutic targets for human leukemia.
Assuntos
Ciclina E/genética , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Transposases/genética , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Camundongos , Mutagênese Insercional , Proteínas Oncogênicas/genética , Regulador Transcricional ERG/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Proinflammatory molecules promote osteoclast-mediated bone erosion by up-regulating local RANKL production. However, recent evidence suggests that combinations of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plus interleukin-6 (IL-6), induce RANKL-independent osteoclastogenesis. The purpose of this study was to better understand TNF/IL-6-induced osteoclast formation and to determine whether RANK is absolutely required for osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion in murine inflammatory arthritis. METHODS: Myeloid precursors from wild-type (WT) mice or mice with either germline or conditional deletion of Rank, Nfatc1, Dap12, or Fcrg were treated with either RANKL or TNF plus IL-6. Osteoprotegerin, anti-IL-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R), and hydroxyurea were used to block RANKL, the IL-6R, and cell proliferation, respectively. Clinical scoring, histologic assessment, micro-computed tomography, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to evaluate K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis in WT and RANK-deleted mice. Loss of Rank was verified by qPCR and by osteoclast cultures. RESULTS: TNF/IL-6 generated osteoclasts in vitro that resorbed mineralized tissue through a pathway dependent on IL-6R, NFATc1, DNAX-activation protein 12, and cell proliferation, but independent of RANKL or RANK. Bone erosion and osteoclast formation were reduced, but not absent, in arthritic mice with inducible deficiency of RANK. TNF/IL-6, but not RANKL, induced osteoclast formation in bone marrow and synovial cultures from animals deficient in Rank. Multiple IL-6 family members (IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M) were up-regulated in the synovium of arthritic mice. CONCLUSION: The persistence of bone erosion and synovial osteoclasts in Rank-deficient mice, and the ability of TNF/IL-6 to induce osteoclastogenesis, suggest that more than one cytokine pathway exists to generate these bone-resorbing cells in inflamed joints.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Artrite Experimental/genética , Reabsorção Óssea/genética , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/genética , Osteogênese/genética , Receptor Ativador de Fator Nuclear kappa-B/genética , Animais , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Reabsorção Óssea/imunologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/genética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hidroxiureia/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Interleucina-6/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/imunologia , Osteoprotegerina/farmacologia , Ligante RANK/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptores de IgG/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
The Mediator complex is an essential transcription regulator that bridges transcription factors with RNA polymerase II. This interaction is controlled by dynamic interactions between Mediator and the CDK8 module, but the mechanisms governing CDK8 module-Mediator association remain poorly understood. We show that Fbw7, a tumor suppressor and ubiquitin ligase, binds to CDK8-Mediator and targets MED13/13L for degradation. MED13/13L physically link the CDK8 module to Mediator, and Fbw7 loss increases CDK8 module-Mediator association. Our work reveals a novel mechanism regulating CDK8 module-Mediator association and suggests an expanded role for Fbw7 in transcriptional control and an unanticipated relationship with the CDK8 oncogene.
